Catheter

ABSTRACT

Catheters are provided with coating of a hydrophilic acrylate or methacrylate polymer. The coating reduces the irritation and infection normally accompanying the use of catheters. Infection can be reduced still further by absorbing an antibiotic in the coating.

United States Patent Inventors Thomas H. Shepherd Continuation-impart of application Ser. No. 654,044, July 4, 1967, and a continuationin-part of 567,856, July 26, 1966, and a continuation-impart of 650,259, June 30,

CATHETER 12 Claims, 3 Drawing Figs. US. Cl 128/349, 128/348, 424/14, 424/81 Int. Cl. A61m 25/00 [50] Field of Search 424/ 14- [56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,237,218 4/1941 Flynn 128/349 2,285,980 6/1942 Jeckel 128/349 2,735,432 2/1956 Hudson 128/348 2,822,809 2/1958 Sollmann 128/348 2,976,576 3/1961 Wichterle et al. 18/58 3,220,960 I H1965 Wichterle et al. 260/25 3,428,043 2/1969 Shepherd Primary Examiner-Shep K. Rose Attorney-Cu'shman, Darby and Cushman ABSTRACT: Catheters are provided with coating of a hydrophilic acrylate or methacrylate polymer. The coating reduces the irritation and infection normally accompanying the use of catheters. lnfection can be reduced still further by absorbing an antibiotic in the coating.

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CATHETER The present application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 654,044, filed Jul. 4,1967 and application Ser. No. 567,856, filed Jul. 26, 1966 and application Ser. No. 650,259,fi1ed Jun. 30, 1967.

The present invention relates t% coated catheters and to binding hydrophilic polymers to rubber.

One of the problems normally encountered in the use of catheters is the risk of infection.

It is an object of the present invention to reduce the danger of infection which frequently'occurs in the use of catheters.

Another object is to bond hydrophilic polymers to rubber and similar materials.

Still further objects and the entire scope of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description given hereinafter; it should be understood, however, that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.

It has now been found that these objects can be attained by coating a catheter with hydrophilic acrylate and methacrylate polymer. The use of the acrylate or methacrylate polymer by itself is effective in preventing infections. Even better results in reducing infection are obtained if the polymer is impregnated with an antibiotic or germicide,

The present invention is useful with either cannulae catheters or ureteral catheters. The ureteral catheters are normally made of natural rubber but can be made of synthetic rubbers, e.g. poly cis isoprene, butadiene-styrene copolymer, butyl rubber, silicone rubber, e.g. poly dimethyl siloxane, neoprene (polychloroprene).

The cannulae catheters can be made of the same kinds of materials or of polyvinyl chloride.

The coating of the hydrophilic acrylate or methacrylate is normally applied by dipping the catheter in a casting syrup of the monomer or partially polymerized monomer and then completing the polymerization. A thicker coating can be obtained by dipping this coated product again in a casting syrup and polymerizing. Preferably the undercoat is cross linked since it has been found that the uncross-linked hydrophilic acrylates and methacrylates do not adhere well to rubber or the like although they will adhere well to a cross-linked copolymer which has been applied as a coating to the rubber. The monomer or partial polymer casting syrup wherein a cross-linking agent is employed penetrates the rubber and swells it slightly. The casting syrup is then polymerized while the rubber is in the swollen condition. As stated more polymerizable hydrophilic material can be bonded to this to build up the thickness. The second coating of hydrophilic material need not be the same as the undercoat.

To increase the effectiveness against infection the coated catheter (either with a single or plural coating of hydrophilic polymer) is immersed in a solution of an antibiotic or germicide. The antibiotic or germicide is then retained by the hydrophilic coating even if the solvent is removed. If the antibiotic or germicide is sufficiently heat stable it can be added to the casting syrup and thus be incorporated in the product when the hydrophilic material is polymerized. However most antibiotics are not sufficiently heat stable to permit such technique.

Examples of suitable antibiotics and germicides which can be used include penicillin, neomycin sulfate, cephalothin (Keflin), Bacitracin, phenoxymethyl penicillin, lincoymycin hydrochloride, sulfadiazine, methyl sulfadiazine, succinoylsulfathiazole, phthalylsulfathiazde, sulfacetamine, procaine penicillin, streptomycin, aureomycin, terramycin, terramycin, quaternary ammonium halides, e.g. trimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, cetyl pyridinium chloride, triethyl dodecyl ammonium bromide, hexachlorophene.

The hydrophilic monomer employed is preferably a hydroxy lower alkyl acrylate or methacrylate, hydroxy lower alkoxy lower alkyl acrylate or methacrylate, e.g. 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, diethylene glycol monomethacrylate, diethylene glycol monacrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl acrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, 3-hydroxypropyl acrylate, 3-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, dipropylene glycol monomethacrylate.

In preparing hydroxyalkyl monoacrylates and methacrylates a small amount of the diacrylate of dimethacrylate is also formed. This need not be removed and in fact its presence is frequently helpful in forming coatings which adhere securely to the catheter.

When cross-linked hydrophilic polymers are prepared preferably the cross-linking agent is present in an amount of 0.1 to 2.5 percent, most preferably not over 2.0 percent, although up to 15 percent or even 20 percent of cross-linking agent can be used. Typical examples of cross-linking agents include ethylene glycol diacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, l,2-butylene dimethacrylate, l,3-butylene dimethacrylate, 1,4-butylene dimethacrylate, propylene glycol diacrylate, propylene glycol diacrylate, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, dipropylene glycol dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, dipropylene glycol diacrylate, divinyl benzene, divinyl toluene, diallyl tartrate, allyl pyruvate, allyl malate, divinyl tartrate, triallyl melamine, N,N'-methylene bis acrylamide, glycerine trimethacrylate, diallyl maleate, divinyl ether, diallyl monoethylene glycol citrate, ethylene glycol vinyl allyl citrate, allyl vinyl maleate, diallyl itaconate, ethylene glycol diester of itaconic acid, divinyl sulfone, hexahydro-1,3,5-triacryltriazine, triallyl phosphite, diallyl ester of benzene phosphonic acid, polyester of maleic'anhydride with triethylene glycol, polyallyl glucose, e.g. triallyl glucose, polyallyl sucrose, e.g. pentaallyl sucrose, sucrose diacylate, glucose dimethacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, sorbitol dimethacrylate, di allyl aconitate, divinyl citraconate, diallyl fumarate.

Unless otherwise indicated all parts and percentages are by weight.

As catalysts for carrying out the polymerization there is employed a free radical catalyst in the range of 0.05 to 1 percent of the polymerizable hydroxyalkyl ester or the like. The preferred amount of catalyst is 0.1 to 0.2 percent of the monomer. Usually only a portion of the catalyst, e.g. l020 percent is added initially to the monomer and the balance is added to the casting syrup after partial polymerization. Typical catalysts include t-butyl peroctoate, benzoyl peroxide, isopropyl percarbonate, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide cumene hydroperoxide, and dicumyl peroxide. Irradiation, e.g., by ultra violet light or gamma rays, also can be employed to catalyze the polymerization. Polymerization can be done at 20 to 150 C., usually 40 to C.

The invention will be understood best in connection with the drawings wherein:

FIG. 1 is a longitudinal view of a ureteral catheter treated according to the invention;

FIG. 2 is a sectional view along the line 2-2 of FIG. 1; and

FIG. 3 is a sectional view of a catheter similar to that of FIG. 1 but wherein an antibiotic is incorporated in the coating.

Referring more specifically to FIGS. 1 and 2 of the drawings there is provided a conventional constant drainage indwelling Foley ureteral catheter made of natural rubber. It has an inner closure end portion 12 provided in opposite thereof with opposed ports 14 which communicate with the axial passage pr or lumen 16 that is coextensive in length with the length of the catheter. The outer end 18 of the catheter 10 is open and of larger diameter than the main flexible body of the catheter. An inflatable retaining bag or balloon 20 encompasses the tube 22 of the catheter at a point inwardly of ports or openings 14 and is sealed or otherwise connected thereto in conventional fashion. A longitudinally extending small air tube 24 and indicated by the dotted line in FIG. 1 is positioned within the catheter and communicates at its inner end through a lateral opening (not shown) in the wall of the catheter with the interior of the inflatable bag 20. The air tube 24 has an outwardly extending lateral valve end portion or arm 26 that projects from one side of the catheter and terminates in a flared tubular portion 28.

The Foley catheter is immersed in a casting syrup which contains a partial polymer of 98.5percent 2hydroxyethyl methacrylate and 1.5 percent of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate. The catheter is immersed with tip end 12 down to a depth within 2 inches of the valve branch 30. The catheter is then removed, allowed to drain and the coating cured in an oven to form inner coating layer 32. The coated portion of the catheter is indicated by the arrows in FIG. 1. In addition to the coating formed on the outside of the catheter, there is a similar coating formed on the inside of the catheter as a result of the syrup entering at the ports 14.

After coating layer 32 is cured the catheter is dipped again in the casting syrup, removed therefrom and the new outer coating layer 35 cured.

FIG. 3 shows a Foley catheter similar to that illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2. However, after the coating 34 is cured the catheter is immersed in an antibiotic solution, e.g. aqueous penicillin, and dried so that Penicillin 36 is retained homogeneously distributed in the coating layers 32 and 34.

Typical examples of casting syrups suitable for coating catheters are set forth in examples 1-17 below.

EXAMPLE 1 A solution was made of 100 parts of Z-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 0.2 part of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and 0.4 part of t-butyl peroctoate.

EXAMPLE 2 A solution was made of 100 parts of an isomeric mixture of hydroxyisopropyl methacrylates, 0.2 part propylene glycol dimethacrylate and 0.4 part of t-butyl peroctoate.

EXAMPLE 3 100 parts of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate was stirred with 0.05 part of t-butyl peroctoate in a nitrogen atmosphere at a temperature of 40 C. for 30 minutes The resultant mixture was cooled to 25 C. and t-butyl peroctoate added so as to make the total amount of t-butyl peroctoate added in the system 0.15 part. 0.1 part of ethylene glycol dimetacrylate was also added along with the second addition of the t-butyl peroctoate.

EXAMPLE 4 The process of example 3 was repeated, substituting 0.2 part of 1,3-butylene glycol dimethacrylate in place of the ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the cross-linking monomer.

EXAMPLE 5 100 parts of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate was stirred with 50 parts of distilled water and 0.1 part of t-butyl peroctoate in an anerobic atmosphere at a temperature of 40 C. for minutes. The resultant mixture was cooled to C. and 0.05 part of t-butyl peroctoate added and at the same time there was added 0.2 part of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as a cross-linking monomer.

EXAMPLE 6 The process of example 5 was repeated in the absence of water, to give a casting syrup.

EXAMPLE 7 The process of example 6 was repeated but the initial catalyst consisted of a mixture of 0.05 part l-butyl peroctoate and 0.1 part of isopropyl percarbonate. The added catalyst was 0.05 part ofisopropyl percarbonate.

EXAMPLE 8 grams of distilled 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate was stirred with 0.1 gram of t-butyl peroctoate in an anaerobic atmosphere at 2570 C. for l540 minutes. The resultant mixture was cooled to 25 C. and t-butyl peroctoate added so as to make the total concentration of t-butyl peroctoate in the system 0.2 gram per 100 grams of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate. Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate in the concentration of 0.2 gram per 100 grams of Z-hydroxyethyl methacrylate was added at the same time as the catalyst concentration was increased.

EXAMPLE 9 The process of example 8 was followed, substituting hydrox ypropyl methacrylate for the 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate.

EXAMPLE 10 The process of example 8 was followed using isopropyl percarbonate as the catalyst and substituting 1,3-butylene glycol dimethacrylate for the ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the cross-linking monomer.

EXAMPLE 11 Suitably purified 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate was stirred with 0.15 gram of isopropyl percarbonate in an anerobic atmosphere at ambient temperature. Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate in the concentration of 0.1 gram per 100 grams of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate was added.

EXAMPLE 12 100 parts of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate was stirred with 0.05 part t-butyl peroctoate in a nitrogen atmosphere at a tem perature of 30 C. for 30 minutes. The resultant mixture was cooled to 25 C. and additional peroctoate added to make up a total of 0. l 5 part, there being added at the same time 0.1 part of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate.

EXAMPLE 13 100 grams of Z-hydroxyethyl methacrylate was mixed with 0.20 gram of t-butyl peroctoate in an inert atmosphere and 0.20 gram of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate was added.

EXAMPLE 14 100 grams of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate was stirred with 0.1 gram of t-butyl peroctoate and 0.15 gram of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate was added.

EXAMPLE 15 100 grams of purified Z-hydroxyethyl methacrylate was mixed with 15 grams of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and 0.3 grams of t-butyl peroctoate.

EXAMPLE 16 In a 5 gallon resin kettle there was placed 10 kilograms of 2 hydroxyethyl methacrylate, grams of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and 4.0 grams of t-butyl peroctoate. The kettle was heated to 95 C. with stirring over a 50 minute period, whereupon the reaction mixture was rapidly cooled, yielding a syrup having a viscosity of 420 centipoises at 30 C. To the syrup was added 20 grams of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and 20 grams of t-butyl peroctoate, and the syrup was stirred until a homogenous solution was obtained.

This syrup was useful in coating both ureteral and cannulae catheters made of rubber and other flexible polymers. Among the cannulae catheters were Levine tubes, catheters for giving transfusions, removing blood, supplying saline solution to the body, etc.

EXAMPLE 17 The procedure of example 16 was repeated replacing the ethylene glycol dimethacrylate by an equal weight of divinyl benzene. The resulting syrup was equally useful for coating ureteral and cannulae catheters with the syrup of example 16.

XAMP E l8, 7

EXAMPLE 19 A No. 24 natural rubber Foley catheter having a weight of 16.55 grams was wiped with xylene and immersed tip down in the syrup of example 16 to a depth of within 2 inches of the valve branch. The catheter was removed, allowed to drain 5 minutes, and the coating thus was cured in an oven at 275 F. (134 C.) for minutes. The catheter then Weighed 16.71 grams, or exhibited a gain in weight of 0.16 gram. The catheter was then dipped into the syrup a second time, drained 5 minutes and cured at 275 F. for 15 minutestThe weight increased to 16.88 grams for an overall coating weightof 0.33 gram. After 30 seconds immersion in water, the coating was tough, flexible and strongly adherent'tothe rubber substrate.

Obviously the dipping can be repeated 2, 3, 4, 5 or more times to build up the thickness of the hydrophilic coating.

EXAMPLE 20 I The procedure of example 19 was repeated using the casting syrup of example 17 to give a coated Foley catheter.

EXAMPLE 21 The procedure of example 19 was repeated using a No. 16 Foley catheter. The catheter before coating weighed 11.70 grams and weighed 1 1.90 grams after coating.

EXAMPLE 22 bladder'of a male patient resulted in suppression of the bacterial content of the urine for a 7d ay period after insertion.

EXAMPLE 23 Example 22 was repeated using a 10 gram solution of neornycin sulfate in 40 ml. of water in place of the cephalothin solution. Equivalent results were obtained.

XAMPLE 24 Example 22 was repeated using Bacitracin in place of the cephalothin with equivalent results.

The use of the hydrophilic polymer permits the slow release of the antibiotic or germicide when such compounds are used to impregnate the hydrophilic polymer coating.

,We claim 1. A flexible ureteral, urethral or cannular infection preventing tubular catheter made of natural or synthetic rubber or other flexible polymer having an adherent, solid external coating of. a-polymericcompound of the group consisting of hydrophillc acrylate and methacrylate polymers, said coating by itself being effective in preventing infections.

2. A catheter according to claim 1 wherein the infection preventing polymer is further impregnated with a member of the group consisting of antibiotics and germicides.

3. A catheter according to claim 1 wherein the" polymeric compound is selected from the group consisting of polymers of hydroxy lower alkyl acrylates, hydroxy lower alkyl methacrylates, hydroxy lower alkoxy loweralkyl acrylates, and hydroxy lower alkoxy lower alkyl methacrylates.

4. A catheter according to claim 3 wherein 'the hydrophilic polymer is a copolymer of said acrylate or methacrylate with a 7 minor amount up to 20 percent of a cross linking monomer.

5. A ureteral catheterjaccording to claim 4.

6. A cannulae catheter according to claim 4.

7. A ureteral catheter according to claim 4 wherein the polymeric 'compound is 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and the cross-linking agent is a polyethylenically unsaturated monomer present in an amount of 0.1 to 2.5 percent.

8. A ureteral catheter according to claim 7 made of rubber.

9 A ureteral catheter according to claim 8 wherein the polymer is impregnated with an antibiotic.

10. A process of reducing thedanger of'infection normally present when using a catheter in a human comprising inserting int'o an appropriate organ of the human body a catheter according to claim 1. 11. A catheter according to claim 1 wherein dry. g p 12. A catheter according to claim' 4 wherein there is uncross-linked hydrophilicpolymer coatingo'f said acrylate or methacrylate over said copolymer coating, said copolymer serving to adhere the uncross-linked polymer to the catheter.

the coating is 

1. A flexible ureteral, urethral or cannular infection preventing tubular catheter made of natural or synthetic rubber or other flexible polymer having an adherent, solid external coating of a polymeric compound of the group consisting of hydrophilic acrylate and methacrylate polymers, said coating by itself being effective in preventing infections.
 2. A catheter according to claim 1 wherein the infection preventing polymer is further impregnated with a member of the group consisting of antibiotics and germIcides.
 3. A catheter according to claim 1 wherein the polymeric compound is selected from the group consisting of polymers of hydroxy lower alkyl acrylates, hydroxy lower alkyl methacrylates, hydroxy lower alkoxy loweralkyl acrylates, and hydroxy lower alkoxy lower alkyl methacrylates.
 4. A catheter according to claim 3 wherein the hydrophilic polymer is a copolymer of said acrylate or methacrylate with a minor amount up to 20 percent of a cross-linking monomer.
 5. A ureteral catheter according to claim
 4. 6. A cannulae catheter according to claim
 4. 7. A ureteral catheter according to claim 4 wherein the polymeric compound is 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and the cross-linking agent is a polyethylenically unsaturated monomer present in an amount of 0.1 to 2.5 percent.
 8. A ureteral catheter according to claim 7 made of rubber.
 9. A ureteral catheter according to claim 8 wherein the polymer is impregnated with an antibiotic.
 10. A process of reducing the danger of infection normally present when using a catheter in a human comprising inserting into an appropriate organ of the human body a catheter according to claim
 1. 11. A catheter according to claim 1 wherein the coating is dry.
 12. A catheter according to claim 4 wherein there is uncross-linked hydrophilic polymer coating of said acrylate or methacrylate over said copolymer coating, said copolymer serving to adhere the uncross-linked polymer to the catheter. 